Otherwise, the model becomes nonlinear ( b 1 more linear). When b = 1, the storage-discharge has a linear relationship. (2)where S( t) is aquifer water storage at time t and k and b are parameters representing the watershed lump hydraulic conductivity and storage-discharge relationship, respectively. The results could be particularly useful for developing process-based models, estimating baseflow variations, and assessing climate change impact on cold region hydrology. The study provides an important link between climate warming and aquifer discharge in cold regions. With this relationship, a climate warming of +1, +2, and +4 ☌ would suggest an increase of 7.7%, 16.7%, and 41.0% in conductivity or 6.8%, 14.7%, and 35.0% in winter discharge, respectively. day from winter start and in extremely cold years, it could decrease by more than 85%.The results for the Albany watershed in Canada show that the watershed lump conductivity decreases by half when air temperature accumulates to −172 ☌ It indicates the dominant role of freezing temperature in controlling the aquifer discharge through reducing the watershed conductivity and liquid (active) water content. By incorporating a freezing temperature function in the reservoir models, the model performances are largely improved. Analyses show that the traditional reservoir models are unable to reproduce the observed baseflow variations. This study quantifies the relationship between freezing temperature and baseflow in winter. Here, prepper fiction refers to books that are about, during, or immediately after a collapse.Pronounced climate warming over the arctic-subarctic regions has lead to profound hydrological changes including intensified river flow, but how soil frost controls aquifer discharge remains poorly understood.

While post-apocalyptic fiction typically entails the world well after the apocalypse, we’re differentiating. Leave a comment on any book we’ve missed, but first call attention to the fact that the book you’re suggesting may already be on our list of post-apocalyptic books.įor our purposes here we’re going to make a distinction between what we term “prepper fiction” and post-apocalyptic fiction. We’ve certainly missed some and there are more being published. Note: like with all of our other “complete” lists, this list cannot be complete without readers’ input.

Who doesn’t enjoy a good piece of prepper fiction? The stories often involve characters testing their limits of survival against all odds in increasingly dire circumstances.įor those who have exhausted their own personal library already and are looking for more prepper-centric stories, we’ve compiled a (working) complete list of the prepper fiction books out there!

Freezing Point by Grace Hamilton